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Nachdem der Bourbaki im Laufe der Zeit zu der Auffassung gelangt war, daß auch an der derzeit gelehrten Quantenphysik irgendetwas nicht so ganz stimmen könne, er aber keine Ahnung hatte, in welche Richtung eine eventuelle Lösung des Spektrallinienproblems zu suchen sei, möchte er seinen eifrigen Internetbenutzern noch schnell verraten, wer ihm den entscheidenden Tip dazu gegeben hatte: Sie werden es wohl nie erraten - der italienische Komponist Claudio Monteverdi (1567-1643), welcher in Venedig gelebt hatte und daselbst in der Chiesa dei Frari begraben ist.

Und das kam so: Der Bourbaki besitzt in Österreich einen Freund namens Christian Klepsch, welcher Künstler ist und sehr schöne Glasobjekte herstellt. Derselbe hatte vor etwa zwei Jahren eine auch von vielen anderen Glaskünstlern beschickte Ausstellung auf der Giudecca in Venedig, zu deren Eröffnung er seinen Freund Bourbaki eingeladen hatte. Letzterer besorgte sich also von Freunden den Schlüssel einer Wohnung in Venedig und machte sich nach dorthin auf den Weg. Zuvor hatte er der Freundin seines Wohnungsmitbewohners, einer Pianistin namens Aylin berichtet, daß er jetzt dorthin reisen werde, worauf sie ihm sagte, wie sehr sie ihn beneiden würde, daß sie früher sehr oft nach Venedig gefahren sei, daß sie diese Stadt ganz besonders liebe und daß sie bei jedem Venedig-Besuch am Grab des von ihr sehr verehrten Monteverdi eine rote Rose niedergelegt habe. Um sie etwas zu trösten machte der Bourbaki daraufhin den Vorschlag, daß er ja für sie eine rote Rose niederlegen könne, welcher Vorschlag mit Begeisterung aufgenommen wurde.

Also fuhr der Bourbaki nach Venedig, nistete sich in der Wohnung seiner Freunde ein und pilgerte zu der Vernissage dieser eliteren Glaskünstlergemeinde aus der ganzen Welt. Wie immer in Italien war auch hier alles ziemlich chaotisch organisiert. Aber am Ende stand man doch mit seinem Glas Prosecco in der Hand herum und fand all die Glasobjekte und Venedig herrlich. Ein, zwei Tage darauf erinnerte sich der Bourbaki an sein in München abgegebenes Versprechen, wanderte somit zur Rialtobrücke und erstand zwei Rosen - eine dunkelrote für die Pianistin Aylin und eine rosarote für sich, denn auch er wollte nicht mit ganz leeren Händen dem toten Monteverdi gegenübertreten. Mit seinen zwei Rosen in der Hand ging er dann zu dieser Chiesa dei Frari, was so etwas "Kirche der Klosterbrüder" bedeutet. Dort angekommen zahlte er seinen Eintrittsobulus und fand in der Tat links ganz vorne das Grab des großen Komponisten. Etwas überrascht war er dann allerdings über die Berge von Blumen, welche auf der betreffenden Grabplatte bereits lagen. Monteverdi muß anscheinend sehr viele Verehrer und vor allem Verehrerinnen gehabt haben. Trotz dieser Blumenberge tröstete sich der Bourbaki mit dem Gedanken, daß es sich hier um einen ideellen Akt handle und daß selbst seine zwei kümmerlichen Rosen - eine von der in München weilenden Pianistin und eine von dem anwesenden Bourbaki - von Monteverdi als Gabe angenommen würden. Also deponierte er so gut es ging seine beiden Rosen auf der Grabplatte - ein vorhandenes Gitter erwies sich dabei als etwas hinderlich - und eilte von dannen, um sich auf der nächstbesten Piazza in ein Cafe zu setzen. Und da durchzuckte es ihn plötzlich - so ganz aus heiterem Himmel: Verdammt nochmal - in dieser idiotischen Balmerschen Gleichung, da tauchen doch nur Frequenzdifferenzen auf und derartige Differenzfrequenzen gibt es doch immer nur dann, wenn gleichzeitig zwei Töne klingen und das müßte doch so etwas wie eine Hochfrequenzkreuzmodulation oder so was ähnliches sein.

Da der Bourbaki alle seine Physikbücher in München zurückgelassen hatte - die Physik war ja zu diesem Zeitpunkt kein Thema -, konnte er vor Ort in dieser Angelegenheit nichts weiteres unternehmen. Aber nach München zurückgekehrt, schaute er sogleich im Großen Brockhaus nach, in welchem geschrieben stand, daß der Komponist Monteverdi sich Zeit seines Lebens auch sehr intensiv für naturwissenschaftliche Belange interessiert habe, was der Bourbaki dann doch etwas erstaunlich fand. Und jetzt wissen Sie vielleicht, welche Verdienste sich der große italienische Komponist für die moderne Quantenphysik erworben hat. Schade nur, daß an bereits gestorbene Personen keine Nobelpreise vergeben werden.

Nun, dieses ist also der Spektrallinienartikel, nachdem der Bourbaki diesem Geheimtip vom toten Monteverdi etwas eingehender nachgegangen war:

About the Formation of spectral lines by gaseous Atoms

According to the heat theory, as presented by Clausius, Maxwell and Bolzmann, the temperature resp. radiated heat of gases corresponds to the kinetic energy of the individual gas atoms or molecules in arbitrary th.i. undirectional motion. This appears quite reasonable. What is surprising, however, is the fact, that pure translatory motions of gas atoms do not contribute to the temperature or radiated heat of the particular sample. This is extremely strange, because gas atoms in translatory motion have kinetic energy which also should contribute to the specific heat or temperature.

If one asks now, what is the essential difference between a directional and an undirectional motion of gas molecules, one realises that the only fundamental difference between directional and undirectional motion is that in on case there are mutual collisions between individual gas atoms, while in the other there are not. Thus one is led to the conclusion, that any radiation emitted by gas atoms is not related directly to the velocities of the gas atoms, but to the occurrence and intensities of mutual collisions between them.

There seems to be an analogy to the case of flint stones, where one observes the occurrence of sparks, whenever two of these stones are in a stage of a mutual collision, but do not produce any sparks, as long as single flint stones only travel in a translatory motion through the air.

Now, with this in mind on should give a look at the Balmer equation which specifies the spectral lines of hydrogen, the simpliest atom of the periodic table. Usually the same is written in the following for:

where l is the wavelength of the particular spectral line, R the so-called Rydberg content equal to 109 737,312 cm-1 and m and n arbitrary numbers equal or bigger than 1.

Realising that the product of wavelength l and the frequency f corresponds to the speed of light, this equation can be transformed easily into a frequency form which then reads as follows:

where f is the frequency of the spectral line, fo the Rydberg frequency with its value of 3,2888 . 1015 Hz and m and n arbitrary numbers as before.

Now, if one reads this modified Balmer equation correctly, one realises that the spectral lines of hydrogen are a set of frequency differences having a comun base frequency fo, whereby the actual frequencies are determined by quadratic subharmonics of this base frequency fo. (Please note that there might exist an additional high frequency term, which cancels out during a process of substraction!)

As generally known from the fields of acoustics and electronics, such difference signals are formed usually whenever there are two oscillation signals with different frequencies f1 and f2 which come into a stage of a mutual interference with each other. Thereby one has to realise however, that one of the necessary requirements for the formation of such difference signals is the simultaneity of the occurrence of the two interfering signals. This actually eliminates the possibility that these difference signals may be produced by jumps of electrons between different orbits, because here the stated requirement of the simultaneous availability of the two signals does not exist.

Now, let us see weather this Balmer equation as suggested above can be explained in terms of mutually colliding atoms. Here surprisingly all the necessary requirements for the formation of such difference signals are fulfilled in a satisfactory way:

- Availability of two oscillation signals: Each atom with a nucleus and at least one electron circling around it represents an electromagnetic oscillator, so that indeed there are two signals readily available.

- Simultaneity: Since each collision procedure requires a certain amount of time there is indeed the possibility that during a short period of time an electromagnetic interference of the two oscillation signals can take place.

- Proximity: During an atomic collision the two oscillation elements come in immediate contact with each other, so that also from a local point of view such an interference is likely to occur.

- Excess energy: During an atomic collision excess energy is readily available, so that there is no shortage of energy for feeding the process of radiation.

- Atomic desequlibrium: During a collision between atoms one can expect that a certain amount of deformation at an atomic level takes place, which puts two originally balanced systems for a short period of time in an unbalanced state.

 

Thus it becomes clear that the correct interpretation of the Balmer equation together with other available information leads to to conclusion, that the formation of spectral lines in gases appears to be not an undetermined single atom phenomenon, but most likely a determined group phenomenon with a large number of atoms involved in a high number of mutual collisions.

With such a mechanism for forming spectral lines on might expect, that with increasing collision speeds the desequilibrium at an atomic level and therefore also the number of excitation modes will have to increase. This actually seems to be the case, because it is a known fact that within the solar corona during a solar eclipse the highest number of spectral lines with more then 30 lines within a given series of the hydrogen spectrum can be observed. At the same time the solar corona shows extremely high turbulences, so that indeed there seems to exist a correlation between the collision speeds on one hand and the observed number of excitation modes on the other. Please note that the luminosity of the solar corona is rather weak, since the same corresponds only to the luminosity of the full moon.

The whole concept of spectral lines being produced by mutual collisions between gaseous atoms appears quite fascinating, because it seems to show that contrary to the opinion as presented by Niels Bohr in 1913 the spectral lines are not the result of spontaneous jumps of individual electrons between different orbits, but a determined group phenomenon in form of a hf-crossmodulation of atomic signals produced at the moment of mutual collisions between atoms.

This kind of mechanism explains also, why gaseous atoms in their normal state do not radiate: They do not, because they are in a state of electromagnetic equilibrium, where their radiation in the E-mode is cancelled by a corresponding radiation in the H-mode. Only during a mutual collision the two atoms are deformed to such an extend that they loose their state of equilibrium, which then has the consequence that they radiate electromagnetic energy toward the external world.

Referring back to the Balmer equation in its frequency from one will have to ask, why within the spectral lines of the hydrogen spectrum there appear frequency differences and quadratic subharmonics? There seems to be a rather simple answer to this question: While single hydrogen atoms have dimensions in the range of two or three Å, the light in the visible spectrum has a wavelength of several 1000 Å. Thus there is a very strong mismatch between the size of the signal emitters on one hand and the wavelength of the signals to be produced on the other. As known from radio electronics such a mismatch between the size of an antenna and the wavelength of the signal produced therefrom makes radiation extremely difficult. (The fact that hydrogen atoms are actually rather poor radiators is known from the fact, that the sun has a luminosity of only about 10 % as compared to a black body radiator of equal size and temperature!) Thus, in order to overcome this handicap, Nature has to resort to a frequency reduction, which may take the form of a frequency division or a frequency substraction. As it appears from the Balmer equation, in case of hydrogen Nature uses both of these measures simultaneously. While the formation of difference signals is widely known from the fields of acoustics and electronics, regretfully rather little literature is available with regard to the formation of subharmonics.

The idea that spectral lines of gaseous atoms are the product of some sort of hf-modulation procedure is supported by the fact, that optical phenomena at an atomic level very often show a pattern having great similarities with modulated radio signals. Thus f.i. the spectra obtained by the Zeeman-effect look rather similar to modulated am- or fm-signals, as used in radio communications being provided usually with a signal carrier and upper and lower sidebands. This is particularly apparent also in the case of Raman spectra which practicly are identical to normal fm-modulated signals.

There is an other argument, which also supports the formation of spectral lines by a hf-modulation procedure: In the early days of quantum physics frequently the so-called "rule of Stokes" was used as a proof of the validity of the quantum approach. According to this rule the frequency of a light signal emitted by a material with photoluminescence in view of the equation E = hn always has to be less as the frequency of the light used for irradiating this material. To everybody surprise this proof collapsed from one day to the other when it was discovered, that there are also such materials which emit light at higher frequencies. Thereupon is was argued, that there are photoemitting materials with an internal energy reservoir, from which the difference of energy can be taken. Obviously this does not sound very satisfying. In case of a hf-modulation procedure, however, this problem does not arise, because a shift in frequency by hf-modulation can take place equally well toward higher or lower frequencies.

There is a third argument, which also supports the presented theory: According to the established quantum theory and the equation E = hn a certain energy value can be attributed to each frequency, which makes it possible that frequency differences, as they appear within the Balmer equation, can be explained in terms of energy differences, whenever an electron jumps from an energy level 1 to an energy level 2. But what about additive frequency terms, as they appear frequently within the spectra of heavier atoms and molecules? Obviously, in case of an hf-modulation procedure, such additive terms do not pose any problems, because such terms will have to be expected anyhow. In case of an explanation by quantum theory, however, such terms can not be explained at all, because the equation E = hn and different energy levels necessarily lead to the formation of frequency differences. Thus it seems that the proposed explanation of the formation of spectral lines by a hf-modulation procedure has the big additional advantage, that it can explain also the formation of additive frequency terms, as they appear in the spectra of heavier atoms and molecules.

At the end is might be useful to quote certain statements made by people being familiar with the quantum theory:

- At the end of his professional career Erwin Schrödinger, discussed by the way things were going, made the following statement: "If I would have known that this rattling of the quanta keeps on going, I regret of having spent my time with this issue."

- Richard Feynman became quite famous by his statement: "I think, I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics" and

- in Volume 755 of the Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences "Fundamental Problems in Quantum Theory", N.Y. 1995, Daniel Greenberger states within the preface: "Still, after 70 years, we have no real clue as to how and when the theory will break down. But break down is must..."

 

The ideas presented above seem to indicate that indeed there is a better way of how to explain the occurrence of the spectral lines in atomic gases. With regard to further investigations in this area, reference is made to the German patent specification DE 195 20 484 A1 (see B4!). The same describes essentially an apparatus for producing spectral lines under controlled conditions by having at least two narrow high speed gas jets in collision with each other. In a similar way, as known from the effect of sonoluminosity it is to be expected that the colliding atoms of the two jets are put into a state of light emission, whereby spectral lines are formed by mutual interference. By varying the speed, the collision angle and the composition of the two jet streams there will be the possibility that the actual mechanism of the light emission by atoms can be studied in detail. This will probably also allow the identification of spectral lines of unknown origin, as they appear within the spectrum of the sun.

One very interesting application of this concept in the field of astronomy should be pointed out: With increasing distance stellar objects are known to show a shift of their spectral lines. Usually these shifts are interpreted as a Doppler velocity with regard to the platform Earth. In addition there exist stellar objects, which due to there position with regard to other stellar objects or due to their extreme high redshift- or Z-values of sometimes more than 4 seem to have abnormal redshifts (see f.i. Halton C. Arp "Quasars, Redshifts and Controversies", Berkeley 1987). Such abnormal redshifts, if they exist, have to be traced to changes within the atomic structure of the light emitting atoms themself, which would appear, whenever there are changes of the so-called constants of Nature, like e o, µo, e and me which determine the physical size of the atoms. What is somewhat distressing is the fact, that up to now there was no way to indentify and separate such possible abnormal redshifts from normal velocity dependant Doppler shifts.

Considering the above explanations such a separation, however, seems to be possible: In case of normal Doppler shift, due to the mechanism involved, the frequencies of all the spectral lines are shifted by a certain factor, which means, that this is a pure multiplicative frequency shift. On the other hand from the Balmer equation it can be seen, that the spectral lines of hydrogen are formed partially on the basis of frequency differences, while in case of heavier atoms and molecules also additive frequency terms do occur. Thus whenever there are changes of the atomic structure leading to abnormal redshifts, one will have to expect that at least some of the spectral lines of high redshifted object are redshifted by a different amount than others. This indeed has been observed in case of some quasars, where different spectral lines give different z-values (see f. i. Jack Sulentic with his various publications in the Astrophysical Journal especially with regard to the object Arp 104).

As to the general situation probably the following can be said:

- Electromagnetic wave phenomena, as f.i. light, have to be considered as something which might be termed "divine analog technology".

- On the other hand, in view of the priodic table of the elements, the genetic code etc., there can be no doubt that material bodies are constructed in such a way that the resulting product has to be considered as "divine digital technology".

 

Since analog and digital systems quite generally have great difficulties to work together, there occur interface problems, which in our technical world can be overcome by devices like modems, D/A- and A/D-converters etc. Obviously, Nature has to resort to similar means, whenever an energy conversions between analog wave phenomena and digital material structures have to take place. It is the opinion of the author, that up to now the existing interface problems between divine analog and digital technologies are not too well understood. Especially difficulties seem to arise to decide, up to where there is divine analog technology and from where starts divine digital technology.

As far as the spectral lines of atoms are concerned, the author is of the opinion, that this whole field as well as the black body radiation lay completely within the area of said divine analog technology. This does not hold, however, for other optical phenomena, like the photoelectric effect, cathode ray emission and laser activities, which seem to lay more on the side of the divine digital technology.

Munich, Feb. 5 1997

Postscriptum

By taking all facts together one gets the following situation: If one uses a set of four known features, namely

- that with the present quantum physics something has to be wrong (see f.i. Franco Selleri "Die Debatte um die Quantentheorie", Braunschweig 1990, oder Lothar Arendes "Gibt die Physik Wissen über die Natur?", Würzburg 1992),

- that within gases temperature values and heat radiation are only produced by gas molecules in undirected, but not in directed translatory motion,

- that in case of flint stones sparks occur only during mutual collisions,

- and that the frequencies of the electromagnetic radiation of hydrogen are determined by the so-called Balmer equation,

and if in view of these known features one makes only one single additional assumption,

- namely that the spectral lines of gases are produced by mutual collisions between individual gas atoms,

then this single assumption leads to an explanation of the following questions:

1) Why individual gas atoms do not radiate: They do not, because they are extremely small and under normal conditions also in a state of electromagnetic equilibrium.

2) Why an electromagnetic radiation suddenly becomes possible during an atomic collision: Atoms are deformed and loose their state of equilibrium .

3) Where does the radiated energy come from: The same is taken from the kinetic energy of the colliding atoms. (This actually means also that with higher collisions speeds the collisions between individual atoms become increasingly inelastic!)

4) Why stellar objects as the sun are such bad radiators with about 10 % luminosity as compared to a black body radiator of equal size and temperature: Single atoms do not radiate.

5) Since our macroscopic world is determined, why things in the microcosms are supposed to be not determined: They are! Collisions between individual atoms are determined phenomena.

6) Why within the Balmer equation there are terms of frequency differences: Such terms are the result of an electromagnetic interference during mutual collisions between atoms.

7) Why atomic spectra, like the Zeeman and the Raman-spectra, show great similarities with modulated am- and fm-signals: They are modulated am- and fm-signals.

8) Why some materials with photoluminosity show a violation of the rule of Stokes: In case of a hf-modulation procedure a shift of frequencies can occur equally well toward higher or lower frequencies.

9) Why frequently within the spectra of heavier atoms and molecules there appear additive frequency terms: In case of a hf-modulations procedure such additive terms have to be expected.

10) Why the double-slit-experiment (see f.i. W. Heisenberg "Physik und Philosophie", Frankfurt 1973 p34 ff) leads to contradictions by using the ware- and the photon-concept of light: There are not photons, therefore no contradictions. (See also European Journal of Physics, Vol 15, S 170)

11) What is the significance of the equation E = hn: With regard to the formation of spectral lines the same seems to have no real significance. As far as the author sees it, within the framework of the quantum theory the equation E = hn serves only as a convenient vehicle in order to convert on a linear basis frequencies into energy values and energy values back into frequencies. (With regard to other light phenomena there can not be any doubt, that defined energy values, as measured usually in eV, are required in order to put an electron into an orbit around an atomic nucleus, resp. free the same from it again!)

 

There remains one big puzzling question:

- What is the physical significance of these quadratic subharmonics, as they appear within the Balmer equation?

 

With regard to this question- the author is actually no specialist in this field - all what can be said at the moment is the following: In a similar way as in case of normal harmonics, subharmonics do occur in systems with strong nonlinearities. However, as stated already, rather little literature is available about the subject, which at least partially seems to be due to the fact, that there is no easy way to treat the occurrence of subharmonics by mathematical means. In the particular case, what appears to be puzzling is not so much the occurrence of the subharmonics themself, but the fact, that only quadratic subharmonics do appear. This seems to indicate that there must be an unknown mechanism which somehow suppresses or cancels out all non-quadratic subharmonics. Weather this is a mechanism of the type (a+b)(a-b) = a2 - b2 remains to be seen. In addition there is no way of knowing at the moment weather in a physical sense these subharmonics are formed by disturbances within the electron shell running over some multiples of the electron orbit or an unknown bunching effect of the atoms involved. In any case there seems to exist a mechanism leading in case of hydrogen atoms to a set of resonance signals with frequencies fo, fo/4, fo/9, fo/16, fo/25 etc., whereby fo is again the Rydberg frequency of 3,288 . 1015 Hz. During collisions of hydrogen atoms an excitation of these natural resonance signals appears to take place, whereupon by crossmodulation difference signals are formed, which are then radiated toward the external world.

Obviously, in order to understand the whole radiation mechanism in a satisfactory way, much more research according to the DE 195 20 484 A1 will have to be performed. In addition an international conference should be held, during which specialists of various fields can present their ideas and contribuate their knowledge for solving the existing problems.

Nachdem bereits einige Fassungen über diese Spektrallinienbildung in deutsch existierten, wurde die oben wiedergegebene Fassung ganz bewußt in englisch verfasst, weil dieselbe dann auch an ausländische Wissenschaftszeitungen geschickt werden konnte, um deren Reaktion zu testen. Das Reizwort "Äther" wurde dabei soweit wie möglich vermieden. Die sich ergebende Reaktion war dabei wie folgt:

- Promovierter Herr der Firma Rhode & Schwarz: Gibt im privaten Gespräch zu verstehen, daß aus seiner Sicht dies der richtige Weg sein müsse.

- Haus Siemens, welchem zusätzlich die Patentanmeldung B4 zur Verfügung gestellt worden war, gleichzeitig mit der Erklärung, daß aus Bourbakischer Sicht auf diese Weise neuartige Modulationsverfahren, Halbleiterelemente sowie Leuchtdioden zu finden sein müßten: Man zeigt kein Interesse.

- Zeitschrift Nature: Rücksendung des Artikels mit der Bemerkung: (The Editor) "... regrets also that he cannot enter into further correspondence on this matter."

- Zeitschrift Science, Redaktion England: "Regret to say that it is not the sort of work we publish."

- Zeitschrift New Scientist: "We do not have the pool of expert referees needed to assess original work or theories.... I wish you good luck with your research." Immerhin!

- Canadische Zeitschrift Apeiron: Erklärt sich schließlich zu einer Veröffentlichung bereit. Abwarten!

 

Kommentar: Da findet jemand sehr interessante Dinge heraus und keiner will sie haben. Die Spanier damals bei der Conquista in Südamerika waren da ganz anders. Wenn man denen Gegenstände aus Gold zeigte, konnte man Gift darauf nehmen, daß sie zugreifen würden!

PS: Ceterum censeo speculum esse delendum.